Do male Boana goiana (Lutz, 1968) (Anura: Hylidae) discriminate between the calls of neighbours and strangers?

Abstract Neighbour-stranger discrimination is an important mechanism in social behaviour, as it allows the individual to avoid high energetic costs of repeated agonistic interactions with neighbours. In some anuran species, owners territories respond more aggressively towards strangers than Here, we investigated whether gladiator frog, Boana goiana , males discriminate between neighbours and strangers. This a lek-breeding species; therefore, does not defend fixed which are associated specific resource. We conducted playback field experiment repeated-measures design, based on three treatments: (i) neighbour’s call initial position, (ii) stranger’s (iii) new position. did observe any systematic modification acoustic properties (call duration, dominant frequency, repetition rate) advertisement short aggressive calls B. given response our treatments. Our results indicate that do exhibit vocally mediated ‘dear enemy’ relationships. discuss possible ecological factors may have impeded evolution relationships this species.